NAME
launchctl
—
Interfaces with launchd
SYNOPSIS
launchctl |
subcommand [arguments ...] |
DESCRIPTION
launchctl
interfaces with
launchd
to manage and inspect daemons, agents and
XPC services.
SUBCOMMANDS
launchctl
allows for detailed examination
of launchd
's data structures. The fundamental
structures are domains, services, and endpoints. A domain manages the
execution policy for a collection of services. A service may be thought of
as a virtual process that is always available to be spawned in response to
demand. Each service has a collection of endpoints, and sending a message to
one of those endpoints will cause the service to launch on demand. Domains
advertise these endpoints in a shared namespace and may be thought of as
synonymous with Mach bootstrap subsets.
Many subcommands in launchctl
take a
specifier which indicates the target domain or service for the subcommand.
This specifier may take one of the following forms:
- system/[service-name]
- Targets the system domain or a service within the system domain. The system domain manages the root Mach bootstrap and is considered a privileged execution context. Anyone may read or query the system domain, but root privileges are required to make modifications.
- user/<uid>/[service-name]
- Targets the user domain for the given UID or a service within that domain. A user domain may exist independently of a logged-in user. User domains do not exist on iOS.
- login/<asid>/[service-name]
- Targets a user-login domain or service within that domain. A user-login
domain is created when the user logs in at the GUI and is identified by
the audit session identifier associated with that login. If a user domain
has an associated login domain, the
print
subcommand will display the ASID of that login domain. User-login domains do not exist on iOS. - gui/<uid>/[service-name]
- Another form of the
login
specifier. Rather than specifying a user-login domain by its ASID, this specifier targets the domain based on which user it is associated with and is generally more convenient.Note: GUI domains and user domains share many resources. For the purposes of the Mach bootstrap name lookups, they are "flat", so they share the same set of registered names. But they still have discrete sets of services. So when printing the user domain's contents, you may see many Mach bootstrap name registrations from services that exist in the GUI domain for that user, but you will not see the services themselves in that list.
- pid/<pid>/[service-name]
- Targets the domain for the given PID or a service within that domain. Each process on the system will have a PID domain associated with it that consists of the XPC services visible to that process which can be reached with xpc_connection_create(3).
For instance, when referring to a service with the identifier
com.apple.example
loaded into the GUI domain of a
user with UID 501, domain-target
is
gui/501/
, service-name
is
com.apple.example
, and
service-target
is
gui/501/com.apple.example
.
SUBCOMMANDS
- bootstrap | bootout domain-target [service-path service-path2 ...] | service-target
- Bootstraps or removes domains and services. When service arguments are
present, bootstraps and correspondingly removes their definitions into the
domain. Services may be specified as a series of paths or a service
identifier. Paths may point to XPC service bundles,
launchd.plist(5) s, or a directories containing a collection of
either. If there were one or more errors while bootstrapping or removing a
collection of services, the problematic paths will be printed with the
errors that occurred.
If no paths or service target are specified, these commands can either bootstrap or remove a domain specified as a domain target. Some domains will implicitly bootstrap pre-defined paths as part of their creation.
- enable | disable service-target
- Enables or disables the service in the requested domain. Once a service is disabled, it cannot be loaded in the specified domain until it is once again enabled. This state persists across boots of the device. This subcommand may only target services within the system domain or user and user-login domains.
- kickstart [
-kp
] service-target - Instructs
launchd
to run the specified service immediately, regardless of its configured launch conditions.-k
- If the service is already running, kill the running instance before restarting the service.
-p
- Upon success, print the PID of the new process or the already-running process to stdout.
- attach [
-ksx
] service-target - Attaches the system's debugger to the process currently backing the
specified service. By default, if the service is not running, this
subcommand will block until the service starts.
-k
- If the service is already running, kill the running instance.
-s
- Force the service to start.
-x
- Attach to xpcproxy(3) before it execs and becomes the service
process. This flag is generally not useful for anyone but the
launchd
maintainer.
- debug service-target [--program <program path>] [--guard-malloc] [--malloc-stack-logging] [--debug-libraries] [--introspection-libraries] [--NSZombie] [--32] [--stdin] [--stdout] [--stderr] [--environment] [--] [argv0 argv1 argv2 ...]
- Configures the next invocation of a service for debugging. This subcommand
allows you to temporarily replace the main executable of the service with
one at a different path, enable
libgmalloc(3), set environment variables, set the argument vector
and more. This is a convenient alternative to editing the
launchd.plist(5) for the service and then reloading it, as the
additional debugging properties are cleared once the service has run once
with them.
- --program <program-path>
- Instructs launchd(8) to use program-path as the service's executable.
- --guard-malloc
- Turns on libgmalloc(3) for the service.
- --malloc-stack-logging
- Turns on malloc(3) stack logging for the service.
- --malloc-nano-allocator
- Turns on the malloc(3) nano allocator for the service.
- --debug-libraries
- Sets the DYLD_IMAGE_SUFFIX for the service to "_debug", which prefers the debug variants of libraries if they exist. See dyld(1) for more information.
- --introspection-libraries
- Adds /usr/lib/system/introspection to the DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH environment variable for the service. This causes the system to prefer the introspection variants of libraries if they exist.
- --NSZombie
- Enables NSZombie.
- --32
- Runs the service in the appropriate 32-bit architecture. Only available on 64-bit platforms.
- --stdin [stdin-path]
- Sets the service's standard input to be stdin-path. If no file is given, uses the current terminal as the service's standard input. If stdin-path does not exist, it is created.
- --stdout [stdout-path]
- Sets the service's standard input to be stdout-path. If no file is given, uses the current terminal as the service's standard input. If stdout-path does not exist, it is created.
- --stderr [stderr-path]
- Sets the service's standard input to be stderr-path. If no file is given, uses the current terminal as the service's standard input. If stderr-path does not exist, it is created.
- --environment VARIABLE0=value VARIABLE1=value ...
- Sets the given environment variables on the service.
- -- argv0 argv1 ...
- Any arguments following the -- are given to the
service as its argument vector.
IMPORTANT: These arguments replace the service's default argument vector; they are not merged in any way. The first argument following -- is given as the initial (zeroth) element of the service's argument vector. As with the ProgramArguments launchd.plist(5) key, you should read carefully and understand the execve(2) man page.
- kill signal-name | signal-number service-target
- Sends the specified signal to the specified service if it is running. The signal number or name (SIGTERM, SIGKILL, etc.) may be specified.
- blame service-target
- If the service is running, prints a human-readable string describing why
launchd
launched the service. Note that services may run for many reasons; this subcommand will only show the most proximate reason. So if a service was run due to a timer firing, this subcommand will print that reason, irrespective of whether there were messages waiting on the service's various endpoints. This subcommand is only intended for debugging and profiling use and its output should not be relied upon in production scenarios. - print domain-target | service-target
- Prints information about the specified service or domain. Domain output
includes various properties about the domain as well as a list of services
and endpoints in the domain with state pertaining to each. Service output
includes various properties of the service, including information about
its origin on-disk, its current state, execution context, and last exit
status.
IMPORTANT: This output is NOT API in any sense at all. Do NOT rely on the structure or information emitted for ANY reason. It may change from release to release without warning.
- print-cache
- Prints the contents of the
launchd
service cache. - print-disabled domain-target
- Prints the list of disabled services in the specified domain.
- plist [segment,section] Mach-O
- Prints the the property list embedded in the __TEXT,__info_plist segment/section of the target Mach-O or the specified segment/section.
- procinfo pid
- Prints information about the execution context of the specified PID. This
information includes Mach task-special ports and exception ports (and when
run against a DEVELOPMENT launchd, what names the ports are advertised as
in the Mach bootstrap namespace, if they are known to
launchd
) and audit session context. This subcommand is intended for diagnostic purposes only, and its output should not be relied upon in production scenarios. This command requires root privileges. - hostinfo
- Prints information about the system's host-special ports, including the host-exception port. This subcommand requires root privileges.
- resolveport owner-pid port-name
- Given a PID and the name of a Mach port right in that process' port
namespace, resolves that port to an endpoint name known to
launchd
. This subcommand requires root privileges. - examine [tool arg0 arg1 @PID ...]
- Causes
launchd
to fork(2) itself for examination by a profiling tool and prints the PID of this new instance to stdout. You are responsible for killing this snapshot when it is no longer needed.Many profiling tools cannot safely examine
launchd
because they depend on the functionality it provides. This subcommand creates an effective snapshot oflaunchd
that can be examined independently. Note that on Darwin platforms, fork(2) is implemented such that only the thread which called fork(2) is replicated into the new child process, so this subcommand is not useful for examining any thread other than the main event loop.This subcommand takes an optional invocation of a tool to be used on the
launchd
snapshot. Where you would normally give the PID of the process to be examined in the tool's invocation, instead specify the argument "@PID", andlaunchctl
will substitute that argument with the PID of the launchd snapshot in its subsequent execution of the tool. If used in this form,launchctl
will automatically kill the snapshot instance when the examination tool exits.This subcommand may only be used against a DEVELOPMENT
launchd
. - config system | user parameter value
- Sets persistent configuration information for
launchd(8) domains. Only the system domain and user domains may be
configured. The location of the persistent storage is an implementation
detail, and changes to that storage should
only be made
through this subcommand. A reboot is required for changes made through
this subcommand to take effect.
Supported configuration parameters are:
- umask
- Sets the umask(2) for services within the target domain to the value specified by value. Note that this value is parsed by strtoul(3) as an octal-encoded number, so there is no need to prefix it with a leading '0'.
- path
- Sets the PATH environment variable for all services within the target
domain to the string value. The string
value should conform to the format outlined for
the PATH environment variable in
environ(7). Note that if a service specifies its own PATH, the
service-specific environment variable will take precedence.
NOTE: This facility cannot be used to set general environment variables for all services within the domain. It is intentionally scoped to the PATH environment variable and nothing else for security reasons.
- reboot [system|userspace|halt|logout|apps]
- Instructs
launchd
to begin tearing down userspace. With no argument given or with the system argument given,launchd
will make the reboot(2) system call when userspace has been completely torn down. With the halt argument given,launchd
will make the reboot(2) system call when userspace has been completely torn down and pass the RB_HALT flag, halting the system and not initiating a reboot.With the userspace argument given,
launchd
will re-exec itself when userspace has been torn down and bring userspace back up. This is useful for rebooting the system quickly under conditions where kernel data structures or hardware do not need to be re-initialized.With the logout argument given, launchd will tear down the caller's GUI login session in a manner similar to a logout initiated from the Apple menu. The key difference is that a logout initiated through this subcommand will be much faster since it will not give apps a chance to display modal dialogs to block logout indefinitely; therefore there is data corruption risk to using this option. Only use it when you know you have no unsaved data in your running apps.
With the apps argument given, launchd will terminate all apps running in the caller's GUI login session that did not come from a launchd.plist(5) on-disk. Apps like Finder, Dock and SystemUIServer will be unaffected. Apps are terminated in the same manner as the logout argument, and all the same caveats apply.
- error [posix|mach|bootstrap] code
- Prints a human-readable string of the given error
code. By default,
launchctl
will attempt to guess which error domain the code given belongs to. The caller may optionally specify which domain (either posix, mach, or bootstrap) to interpret the given code as an error from that subsystem. - variant
- Prints the
launchd
variant currently active on the system. Possible variants include RELEASE, DEVELOPMENT and DEBUG. - version
- Prints the
launchd
version string.
LEGACY SUBCOMMANDS
Legacy subcommands select the target domain based on whether they are executed as root or not. When executed as root, they target the system domain.
- load | unload
[
-wF
] [-S
sessiontype] [-D
searchpath] paths ... - Recommended alternative subcommands: bootstrap |
bootout | enable |
disable
Load the specified configuration files or directories of configuration files. Jobs that are not on-demand will be started as soon as possible. All specified jobs will be loaded before any of them are allowed to start. Note that per-user configuration files (LaunchAgents) must be owned by root (if they are located in
/Library/LaunchAgents
) or the user loading them (if they are located in$HOME/Library/LaunchAgents
). All system-wide daemons (LaunchDaemons) must be owned by root. Configuration files must disallow group and world writes. These restrictions are in place for security reasons, as allowing writability to a launchd configuration file allows one to specify which executable will be launched.Note that allowing non-root write access to the
/System/Library/LaunchDaemons
directory WILL render your system unbootable.-w
- Overrides the Disabled key and sets it to false or true for the load
and unload subcommands respectively. In previous versions, this option
would modify the configuration file. Now the state of the Disabled key
is stored elsewhere on- disk in a location that may not be directly
manipulated by any process other than
launchd
. -F
- Force the loading or unloading of the plist. Ignore the Disabled key.
-S
sessiontype- Some jobs only make sense in certain contexts. This flag instructs
launchctl
to look for jobs in a different location when using the -D flag, and allowslaunchctl
to restrict which jobs are loaded into which session types. Sessions are only relevant for per-userlaunchd
contexts. Relevant sessions are Aqua (the default), Background and LoginWindow. Background agents may be loaded independently of a GUI login. Aqua agents are loaded only when a user has logged in at the GUI. LoginWindow agents are loaded when the LoginWindow UI is displaying and currently run as root. -D
searchpath- Load or unload all plist(5) files in the search path given. This option
may be thought of as expanding into many individual paths depending on
the search path given. Valid search paths include "system,"
"local," and "all." When providing a session type,
an additional search path is available for use called
"user." For example, without a session type given, "-D
system" would load from or unload all property list files from
/System/Library/LaunchDaemons
. With a session type passed, it would load from/System/Library/LaunchAgents
. Note thatlaunchctl
no longer respects the network search path.In a previous version of launchd, these search paths were called "domains", hence -D. The word "domain" is now used for a totally different concept.
NOTE: Due to bugs in the previous implementation and long-standing client expectations around those bugs, the load and unload subcommands will only return a non-zero exit code due to improper usage. Otherwise, zero is always returned.
- submit
-l
label [-p
executable] [-o
stdout-path] [-e
stderr-path] -- command [arg0] [arg1] [...] - A simple way of submitting a program to run without a configuration file.
This mechanism also tells launchd to keep the program alive in the event
of failure.
-l
label- What unique label to assign this job to launchd.
-p
program- What program to really execute, regardless of what follows the -- in the submit sub-command.
-o
stdout-path- Where to send the stdout of the program.
-e
stderr-path- Where to send the stderr of the program.
- remove label
- Remove the job from launchd by label. This subcommand will return immediately and not block until the job has been stopped.
- start label
- Start the specified job by label. The expected use of this subcommand is for debugging and testing so that one can manually kick-start an on-demand server.
- stop label
- Stop the specified job by label. If a job is on-demand, launchd may immediately restart the job if launchd finds any criteria that is satisfied.
- list [-x] [label]
- Recommended alternative subcommand: print
With no arguments, list all of the jobs loaded into
launchd
in three columns. The first column displays the PID of the job if it is running. The second column displays the last exit status of the job. If the number in this column is negative, it represents the negative of the signal which stopped the job. Thus, "-15" would indicate that the job was terminated with SIGTERM. The third column is the job's label. If [label] is specified, prints information about the requested job.-x
- This flag is no longer supported.
- setenv key value
- Specify an environment variable to be set on all future processes launched
by
launchd
in the caller's context. - unsetenv key
- Specify that an environment variable no longer be set on any future
processes launched by
launchd
in the caller's context. - getenv key
- Print the value of an environment variable that
launchd
would set for all processes launched into the caller's context. - export
- Export all of the environment variables of
launchd
for use in a shell eval statement. - getrusage self | children
- Get the resource utilization statistics for
launchd
or the children oflaunchd
. This subcommand is not implemented. - limit [cpu | filesize | data | stack | core | rss | memlock | maxproc | maxfiles] [both [soft | hard]]
- With no arguments, this command prints all the resource limits of
launchd
as found via getrlimit(2). When a given resource is specified, it prints the limits for that resource. With a third argument, it sets both the hard and soft limits to that value. With four arguments, the third and forth argument represent the soft and hard limits respectively. See setrlimit(2). - shutdown
- Tell
launchd
to prepare for shutdown by removing all jobs. This subcommand is not implemented. - umask [newmask]
- Get or optionally set the umask(2) of
launchd
. This subcommand is not implemented. - bslist [PID | ..] [-j]
- This subcommand is not implemented and has been superseded by the print subcommand, which provides much richer information.
- bsexec PID command [args]
- This executes the given command in as similar an execution context as possible to the target PID. Adopted attributes include the Mach bootstrap namespace, exception server and security audit session. It does not modify the process' credentials (UID, GID, etc.) or adopt any environment variables from the target process. It affects only the Mach bootstrap context and directly-related attributes.
- asuser UID command [args]
- This executes the given command in as similar an execution context as possible to that of the target user's bootstrap. Adopted attributes include the Mach bootstrap namespace, exception server and security audit session. It does not modify the process' credentials (UID, GID, etc.) or adopt any user-specific environment variables. It affects only the Mach bootstrap context and directly- related attributes.
- bstree
- This subcommand is not implemented and has been superseded by the print subcommand, which provides much richer information.
- managerpid
- This prints the PID of the launchd which manages the current bootstrap. In
prior implementations, there could be multiple
launchd
processes each managing their own Mach bootstrap subsets. In the current implementation, all bootstraps are managed by one process, so this subcommand will always print "1". - manageruid
- This prints the UID associated with the caller's launchd context.
- managername
- This prints the name of the launchd job manager which manages the current launchd context. See LimitLoadToSessionType in launchd.plist(5) for more details.
- help
- Print out a quick usage statement.
CAVEATS
The output produced by the "legacy" subcommands (chiefly list) should match their output on previous OS X releases. However, the output of newer subcommands does not conform to any particular format and is not guaranteed to remain stable across releases. These commands are intended for use by human developers and system administrators, not for automation by programs or scripts. Their output does not constitute an API and no promises of forward compatibility are offered to programs that attempt to parse it.
DEPRECATED AND REMOVED FUNCTIONALITY
launchctl
no longer has an interactive
mode, nor does it accept commands from stdin. The
/etc/launchd.conf
file is no longer consulted for
subcommands to run during early boot time; this functionality was removed
for security considerations. While it was documented that
$HOME/.launchd.conf
would be consulted prior to
setting up a user's session, this functionality was never implemented.
launchd no longer uses Unix domain sockets for communication, so
the LAUNCHD_SOCKET
environment variable is no longer
relevant and is not set.
launchd
no longer loads configuration
files from the network
FILES
- ~/Library/LaunchAgents
- Per-user agents provided by the user.
- /Library/LaunchAgents
- Per-user agents provided by the administrator.
- /Library/LaunchDaemons
- System wide daemons provided by the administrator.
- /System/Library/LaunchAgents
- OS X Per-user agents.
- /System/Library/LaunchDaemons
- OS X System wide daemons.
EXIT STATUS
launchctl
will exit with status 0 if the
subcommand succeeded. Otherwise, it will exit with an error code that can be
given to the error subcommand to be decoded into
human-readable form.