NAME
arp —
Address Resolution Protocol
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a protocol used to dynamically map between Internet host addresses and 10Mb/s Ethernet addresses. It is used by all the 10Mb/s Ethernet interface drivers. It is not specific to Internet protocols or to 10Mb/s Ethernet, but this implementation currently supports only that combination.
ARP caches Internet-Ethernet address mappings. When an interface
requests a mapping for an address not in the cache, ARP queues the message
which requires the mapping and broadcasts a message on the associated
network requesting the address mapping. If a response is provided, the new
mapping is cached and any pending message is transmitted. ARP will queue at
most one packet while waiting for a response to a mapping request; only the
most recently ``transmitted'' packet is kept. If the target host does not
respond after several requests, the host is considered to be down for a
short period (normally 20 seconds), allowing an error to be returned to
transmission attempts during this interval. The error is
EHOSTDOWN for a non-responding destination host, and
EHOSTUNREACH for a non-responding router.
The ARP cache is stored in the system routing table as
dynamically-created host routes. The route to a directly-attached Ethernet
network is installed as a “cloning” route (one with the
RTF_CLONING flag set), causing routes to individual
hosts on that network to be created on demand. These routes time out
periodically (normally 20 minutes after validated; entries are not validated
when not in use). An entry for a host which is not responding is a
“reject” route (one with the
RTF_REJECT flag set).
ARP entries may be added, deleted or changed with the arp(8) utility. Manually-added entries may be temporary or permanent, and may be “published”, in which case the system will respond to ARP requests for that host as if it were the target of the request.
In the past, ARP was used to negotiate the use of a trailer encapsulation. This is no longer supported.
ARP watches passively for hosts impersonating the local host (i.e. a host which responds to an ARP mapping request for the local host's address).
DIAGNOSTICS
duplicate IP address %x!! sent from ethernet address: %x:%x:%x:%x:%x:%x. ARP has discovered another host on the local network which responds to mapping requests for its own Internet address with a different Ethernet address, generally indicating that two hosts are attempting to use the same Internet address.
SEE ALSO
inet(4), route(4), arp(8), ifconfig(8), route(8)
Plummer, D., RFC826, An Ethernet Address Resolution Protocol.
Leffler, S.J. and Karels, M.J., RFC893, Trailer Encapsulations.