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PING6(8) System Manager's Manual PING6(8)

ping6 — send ICMPv6 ECHO_REQUEST packets to network hosts

ping6 [-CDdfHmnNoqtvwW] [-a addrtype] [-b bufsiz] [-B boundif] [-c count] [-G sweepmaxsize[,sweepminsize[,sweepincrsize]]] [-g gateway] [-G sweep] [-h hoplimit] [-I interface] [-i wait] [-k trafficclass] [-K netservicetype] [-l preload] [-P policy] [-p pattern] [-S sourceaddr] [-s packetsize] [-z tclass] [--apple-connect] [--apple-time] [hops ...] host

The ping6 utility uses the ICMPv6 protocol's mandatory ICMP6_ECHO_REQUEST datagram to elicit an ICMP6_ECHO_REPLY from a host or gateway. ICMP6_ECHO_REQUEST datagrams (``pings'') have an IPv6 header, and ICMPv6 header formatted as documented in RFC2463. The options are as follows:

addrtype
Generate ICMPv6 Node Information Node Addresses query, rather than echo-request. addrtype must be a string constructed of the following characters.
requests unicast addresses from all of the responder's interfaces. If the character is omitted, only those addresses which belong to the interface which has the responder's address are requests.
requests responder's IPv4-compatible and IPv4-mapped addresses.
requests responder's global-scope addresses.
requests responder's site-local addresses.
requests responder's link-local addresses.
requests responder's anycast addresses. Without this character, the responder will return unicast addresses only. With this character, the responder will return anycast addresses only. Note that the specification does not specify how to get responder's anycast addresses. This is an experimental option.
bufsiz
Set socket buffer size.
boundif
Bind the socket to interface This option is an Apple addition. boundif for sending.
Prohibit the socket from using the cellular network interface.
count
Stop after sending (and receiving) count ECHO_RESPONSE packets. If this option is specified in conjunction with ping sweeps, each sweep will consist of count packets.
Disable IPv6 fragmentation.
Set the SO_DEBUG option on the socket being used.
Flood ping. Outputs packets as fast as they come back or one hundred times per second, whichever is more. For every ECHO_REQUEST sent a period “.” is printed, while for every ECHO_REPLY received a backspace is printed. This provides a rapid display of how many packets are being dropped. Only the super-user may use this option.
This can be very hard on a network and should be used with caution.
sweepmaxsize[,sweepminsize[,sweepincrsize]]
sweepmaxsize specifies the maximum size of the payload when sending sweeping pings and is required for sweeps. sweepminsize specifies the size of the payload to start with when sending sweeping pings -- the default value is 0. sweepincrsize specifies the number of bytes to increment the size of the payload after each sweep when sending sweeping pings -- the default value is 1. This option is an Apple addition.
gateway
Specifies to use gateway as the next hop to the destination. The gateway must be a neighbor of the sending node.
Specifies to try reverse-lookup of IPv6 addresses. The ping6 utility does not try reverse-lookup unless the option is specified.
hoplimit
Set the IPv6 hoplimit.
interface
Source packets with the given interface address. This flag applies if the ping destination is a multicast address, or link-local/site-local unicast address.
wait
Wait wait seconds . The default is to wait for one second between each packet. The wait time may be fractional, but only the super-user may specify values less than 0.1 second. This option is incompatible with the -f option.
trafficclass
Specifies the traffic class to use for sending ICMPv6 packets. The supported traffic classes are BK_SYS, BK, BE, RD, OAM, AV, RV, VI, VO and CTL. By default ping6 uses the control traffic class (CTL). This option is an Apple addition.
netservicetype
Specifies the network service type to use for sending ICMPv6 packets. The supported network service type are BK_SYS, BK, BE, RV, AV, RD, OAM, VI, SIG and VO. Note this overrides the default traffic class (-k can still be specified after -K to use both). This option is an Apple addition.
preload
If preload is specified, ping6 sends that many packets as fast as possible before falling into its normal mode of behavior. Only the super-user may use this option.
By default, ping6 asks the kernel to fragment packets to fit into the minimum IPv6 MTU. The -m option will suppress the behavior in the following two levels: when the option is specified once, the behavior will be disabled for unicast packets. When the option is more than once, it will be disabled for both unicast and multicast packets.
Numeric output only. No attempt will be made to lookup symbolic names from addresses in the reply.
Probe node information multicast group (ff02::2:xxxx:xxxx). host must be string hostname of the target (must not be a numeric IPv6 address). Node information multicast group will be computed based on given host, and will be used as the final destination. Since node information multicast group is a link-local multicast group, outgoing interface needs to be specified by -I option.
Exit successfully after receiving one reply packet.
pattern
You may specify up to 16 “pad” bytes to fill out the packet you send. This is useful for diagnosing data-dependent problems in a network. For example, “-p ff” will cause the sent packet to be filled with all ones.
policy
policy specifies IPsec policy to be used for the probe.
Quiet output. Nothing is displayed except the summary lines at startup time and when finished.
Audible. Include a bell (ASCII 0x07) character in the output when any packet is received.
Audible. Output a bell (ASCII 0x07) character when no packet is received before the next packet is transmitted. To cater for round-trip times that are longer than the interval between transmissions, further missing packets cause a bell only if the maximum number of unreceived packets has increased.
sourceaddr
Specifies the source address of request packets. The source address must be one of the unicast addresses of the sending node, and must be numeric.
packetsize
Specifies the number of data bytes to be sent. The default is 56, which translates into 64 ICMP data bytes when combined with the 8 bytes of ICMP header data. You may need to specify -b as well to extend socket buffer size.
Generate ICMPv6 Node Information supported query types query, rather than echo-request. -s has no effect if -t is specified.
Verbose output. ICMP packets other than ECHO_RESPONSE that are received are listed.
Generate ICMPv6 Node Information DNS Name query, rather than echo-request. -s has no effect if -w is specified.
Same as -w, but with old packet format based on 03 draft. This option is present for backward compatibility. -s has no effect if -w is specified.
tclass
Use the specified traffic class.
Connects the socket to the destination address. This option is an Apple addition.
Prints the time a packet was received. This option is an Apple addition.
hops
IPv6 addresses for intermediate nodes, which will be put into type 0 routing header.
host
IPv6 address of the final destination node.

When using ping6 for fault isolation, it should first be run on the local host, to verify that the local network interface is up and running. Then, hosts and gateways further and further away should be “pinged”. Round-trip times and packet loss statistics are computed. If duplicate packets are received, they are not included in the packet loss calculation, although the round trip time of these packets is used in calculating the round-trip time statistics. When the specified number of packets have been sent (and received) or if the program is terminated with a SIGINT, a brief summary is displayed, showing the number of packets sent and received, and the minimum, mean, maximum, and standard deviation of the round-trip times.

If ping6 receives a SIGINFO (see the status argument for stty(1)) signal, the current number of packets sent and received, and the minimum, mean, maximum, and standard deviation of the round-trip times will be written to the standard output in the same format as the standard completion message.

This program is intended for use in network testing, measurement and management. Because of the load it can impose on the network, it is unwise to use ping6 during normal operations or from automated scripts.

The ping6 utility will report duplicate and damaged packets. Duplicate packets should never occur when pinging a unicast address, and seem to be caused by inappropriate link-level retransmissions. Duplicates may occur in many situations and are rarely (if ever) a good sign, although the presence of low levels of duplicates may not always be cause for alarm. Duplicates are expected when pinging a broadcast or multicast address, since they are not really duplicates but replies from different hosts to the same request.

Damaged packets are obviously serious cause for alarm and often indicate broken hardware somewhere in the ping6 packet's path (in the network or in the hosts).

The (inter)network layer should never treat packets differently depending on the data contained in the data portion. Unfortunately, data-dependent problems have been known to sneak into networks and remain undetected for long periods of time. In many cases the particular pattern that will have problems is something that does not have sufficient “transitions”, such as all ones or all zeros, or a pattern right at the edge, such as almost all zeros. It is not necessarily enough to specify a data pattern of all zeros (for example) on the command line because the pattern that is of interest is at the data link level, and the relationship between what you type and what the controllers transmit can be complicated.

This means that if you have a data-dependent problem you will probably have to do a lot of testing to find it. If you are lucky, you may manage to find a file that either cannot be sent across your network or that takes much longer to transfer than other similar length files. You can then examine this file for repeated patterns that you can test using the -p option of ping6.

The ping6 utility returns 0 on success (the host is alive), 2 if the transmission was successful but no responses were received, any other non-zero value if the arguments are incorrect or another error has occurred.

Normally, ping6 works just like ping(8) would work; the following will send ICMPv6 echo request to dst.foo.com.

ping6 -n dst.foo.com

The following will probe hostnames for all nodes on the network link attached to wi0 interface. The address ff02::1 is named the link-local all-node multicast address, and the packet would reach every node on the network link.

ping6 -w ff02::1%wi0

The following will probe addresses assigned to the destination node, dst.foo.com.

ping6 -a agl dst.foo.com

netstat(1), icmp6(4), inet6(4), ip6(4), ifconfig(8), ping(8), routed(8), traceroute(8), traceroute6(8)

A. Conta and S. Deering, Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMPv6) for the Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) Specification, RFC2463, December 1998.

Matt Crawford, IPv6 Node Information Queries, draft-ietf-ipngwg-icmp-name-lookups-09.txt, May 2002, work in progress material.

The ping(8) utility appeared in 4.3BSD. The ping6 utility with IPv6 support first appeared in the WIDE Hydrangea IPv6 protocol stack kit.

IPv6 and IPsec support based on the KAME Project (http://www.kame.net/) stack was initially integrated into FreeBSD 4.0.

The ping6 utility is intentionally separate from ping(8).

There have been many discussions on why we separate ping6 and ping(8). Some people argued that it would be more convenient to uniform the ping command for both IPv4 and IPv6. The followings are an answer to the request.

From a developer's point of view: since the underling raw sockets API is totally different between IPv4 and IPv6, we would end up having two types of code base. There would actually be less benefit to uniform the two commands into a single command from the developer's standpoint.

From an operator's point of view: unlike ordinary network applications like remote login tools, we are usually aware of address family when using network management tools. We do not just want to know the reachability to the host, but want to know the reachability to the host via a particular network protocol such as IPv6. Thus, even if we had a unified ping(8) command for both IPv4 and IPv6, we would usually type a -6 or -4 option (or something like those) to specify the particular address family. This essentially means that we have two different commands.

March 29, 2013 macOS